How are London dispersion forces formed?

London dispersion forces, which are also known as induced dipole-induced dipole interactions, arise from the temporary shifts in electron density within molecules. These temporary shifts create fleeting dipoles, which can induce a dipole in a neighboring molecule. The electrostatic attraction between these temporary dipoles results in the formation of London dispersion forces.

These forces are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar, although they are the only type of intermolecular force in nonpolar molecules. The strength of London dispersion forces increases with the size of the molecules and the number of electrons, as larger molecules have more significant electron clouds that can become distorted.

This understanding aligns with the correct option, which emphasizes the role of electrostatic attraction between these temporary dipoles. This concept makes London dispersion forces unique compared to other types of intermolecular forces, which are based on permanent dipoles or stronger interactions between charged ions and other molecules.