What occurs when soap is used in hard water?

When soap is used in hard water, it interacts with the calcium and magnesium ions present in the water. This interaction leads to the formation of soap scum, which is an insoluble precipitate composed of calcium or magnesium salts of the soap. The soap molecules, which normally would form micelles and create lather, are rendered ineffective when they bind with these ions, resulting in the visible scum. This phenomenon occurs because the soap ions cannot remain in solution; instead, they precipitate out of the water as insoluble salts. This not only reduces the effectiveness of the soap in cleaning but also results in the formation of a film or scum on surfaces like bathtubs and sinks.